The Malta History Timeline

The Evolution of Malta From 18,000 B.C. To Modern Times

Malta's history is one of resilience, power, and transformation. From its early days as a European island to its emergence as a strategic Mediterranean powerhouse, this island has seen it all. With this timeline, you will be taken on an immersive journey from 18,000 B.C., when Malta's Paleolandscape looked very different from what it does now, to the present on the island.

The Story Into Developing The Timeline

The page was created through extensive research, utilizing public and reference libraries, as well as online sources. Additionally, our own knowledge contributed significantly, but everything was thoroughly verified through reliable sources.

Discover our complete journey in creating this timeline by clicking here. From the initial research to compiling and verifying all the information presented on this page. (This link will take you to the bottom of the page).

The Malta History Timeline Index

For the best experience, we recommend viewing the page from start to finish. However, if you're interested in a specific period, simply click on any of the links below to jump directly to that section. At the end of each section, a return button allows you to navigate back to this index easily.

Maltese Paleolandscape: 18,000 B.C. - 6,600 B.C.

Reconstructing the evolution of the Maltese Paleolandscape reveals significant topographical changes driven by fluctuations in sea levels during the Pleistocene and Holocene eras. The Pleistocene, renowned for its Ice Age, was marked by dramatic climate shifts, while the Holocene (a warm period following the Ice Age, enabling human development) represents the ongoing interglacial period that followed the Ice Age.

• 18,000 B.C. (20 ka) – It has been estimated that the sea level was 130 metres lower at this time than it is today. Through a land bridge, Malta remained physically connected to Sicily.
• 12,000 B.C. (14.4 ka) – At this point, the water level was about 100 metres below current levels. While the land bridge was narrowing, Malta still had a connection to Sicily.
• 10,900 B.C. (12.9 ka) – There was an estimated sea level of 75 metres below present-day sea level. Malta had already separated from the European continent by this point, signalling a distinct change in geography.
• 8,200 B.C. (10.2 ka) – There was an approximate 50-metre difference in sea level between then and now. Due to Malta's continued isolation from nearby landmasses, significant changes were occurring to the coastal landscape.
• 6,600 B.C. (8.6 ka) – A 25-metre drop in sea level compared to current levels was observed. During this period, Malta's shoreline took shape as we know it today, completely isolated from Sicily.

Definition of Ka: 'Ka' (kilo annum, thousand years) means "thousand calendar years ago," and it's used mostly in geological, paleontological, and archaeological reports to give a general date to events.

🔗 Section Source: Learn About Archaeology

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Pre-History And Classic Malta

Malta's great temples are among the world's most impressive prehistoric monuments. These sites reflect significant cultural, technological, and cultural advances during the Neolithic era, the Temple Period, and the Bronze Age.

The Maltese chronology provides a detailed timeline of the island's key historical periods outlining major cultural, technological, and societal milestones that define Malta's archaeological and historical evolution.

A radiocarbon dating technique allows us to put an approximate date on the prehistory phases. History's last three periods are dated based on records rather than Carbon 14 (C14). ^{[ 1 ]} 

🔗 Source 1: Malta, Prehistory and Temples of 2002 by David H. Trump & Daniel Cilia (p. 55 & p. 309)

700 Years Added to Malta’s History

According to scientists at Queen's University Belfast, Malta's first settlers arrived 700 years earlier than previously thought, adapting to harsh climate conditions. Their ground breaking DNA analysis revealed that these early settlers were from various Mediterranean, European, and African regions.

Their thriving despite challenges, eventually led to the community collapse due to unsustainable farming practices. The analysis of ancient bones and soil revealed advanced health care and care for the sick, providing insight into prehistoric life and the environment.

These two links provide further details about this discovery.

🔗 Source 1: 700 Years Added to Malta's History

🔗 Source 2: Island cores unravel mysteries of ancient Maltese civilisation

Neolithic Period: 5000 B.C. - 4100 B.C.

During the Neolithic Period, the Maltese archipelago experienced a shift toward settled agriculture, with the first inhabitants making permanent dwellings and megalithic structures. As the island's population grew, farmers developed farming techniques and water management to cope with its challenges.

• 5000-4300 B.C. – Għar Dalam Phase: The 'Cave Of Darkness' phase is named for its association with early human settlements. Humans began to settle in permanent settlements, cultivate agriculture, and develop cultural practices. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ] [ 2 ]}
• 4500-4400 B.C. – Grey Skorba: Found at Skorba Temple sites at Mġarr village, grey-coloured pottery is characteristic of this phase, which has a polished surface and is almost always undecorated. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ] [ 2 ]}
• 4400-4100 B.C. – Red Skorba: Identified at Skorba Temple sites at Mġarr village, red ochre-coloured pottery is characteristic of this phase, which represents a slight variation in pottery production. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ] [ 2 ]}

Neolithic Period Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Temple Period: 4100 B.C. - 2500 B.C.

Malta's prehistory underwent a significant cultural and architectural transformation. Megalithic temple construction and pottery styles point to a society with evolving religious beliefs and social structures, showcasing impressive artistry and engineering.

• 4100-3700 B.C. – Żebbuġ: The Żebbuġ and Mġarr phases are cultural transitions leading to the megalithic temple age. Żebbuġ ware breaks from tradition with a different texture, colour and shape that imply a different culture. It is named after the village of Ħaż-Żebbuġ. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]}
• 3800-3600 B.C. – Mġarr: In this transitional period, pottery with curved lines and red ochre-coated artefacts, possibly for funerary purposes, were characteristic. It is named for the village of Mġarr where the discoveries were excavated. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ] [ 4 ]}
  
• 3600-3200 B.C. – Ġgantija: As one of the oldest freestanding structures in the world, the Ġgantija Temples in Gozo has seven metres high surviving walls, making it one of the most impressive temples in the world. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ]}
• 3300-3000 B.C. – Saflieni: As a result of the excavations at the Ħal-Saflieni Hypogeum in Tarxien, it relates to a period when advanced burial practices, megalithic temples, and religious practices flourished. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ]}
• 3150-2500 B.C. – Tarxien: The construction of sophisticated megalithic Tarxien temples, at the village of Tarxien, with intricate carvings and sculptures that reflected advanced religious practices and social organization. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & p.55 ]}

Temple Period Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Bronze Age: 2400 B.C. - 700 B.C.

With technological advancements and growing cultural exchanges, the Maltese Islands evolved in the Bronze Age. Tool, weapon, and craft innovation were revolutionized when bronze was introduced. Malta's strategic location became connected to major Mediterranean civilizations like Sicily and Italy.

• 2400-1500 B.C. – Tarxien Cemetery: At the village of Tarxien, bronze-aged cremation graves contained cremated bones in jars, along with vessels, beads, figurines, axes and daggers. ^{[ 1 | p. 296 ] [ 2 ]}
• 1500-700 B.C. – Borġ In-Nadur: Located on the outskirts of Birżebbuġa, it is characterized by fortified settlements and by more advanced craftsmanship in pottery. As social and environmental conditions change, defensive communities emerge. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11, 55 ]}
• 900-700 B.C. – Baħrija: A small locality in the limits of Rabat, Malta. The pottery is distinctive, featuring delicate incised square meanders. Calabria artefacts excavated in southwestern Italy have similar incisions. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11, 55 ]}

Bronze Age Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Phoenician & Punic Period: 700 B.C. - 218 B.C.

Ancient seafarers from the eastern Mediterranean, the Phoenicians, established key settlements in the Western Mediterranean around 1000 B.C. As a result of their extensive trade networks and maritime skills, the island became a crucial link between Europe, Africa, and the Near East.

• 700-600 B.C. – There was a strong rivalry between the Greeks and the Carthaginians. Pottery and trade are influenced by the Greeks. ^{[ 3 | p. 55 ]}
• 700-550 B.C. – Phoenician: In the Phoenician phase, Malta became a major trade hub with settlements, new technologies, and religious practices. During this period, Malta developed urban areas, architectural styles, and an economy flourishing in the Mediterranean. ^{[ 1 | p. 39 ] [ 4 | p. 10, 11 & 55 ] [ 5 ]}
• 550-218 B.C. – Punic: As settlements and trade routes flourished in Malta, it became an important hub in the Carthaginian Empire. A profound influence on local traditions came from Punic culture, including art and religious practices. ^{[ 1 | p. 73 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 | p. 10, 11 & 55 ]} 

Phoenician & Punic Period Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Roman Period: 480 B.C. - 330 A.D.

During the Punic Wars, Malta was annexed into the Roman Republic, beginning the Roman period in Malta. As a strategic hub, Malta benefited from trade and cultural integration. The Romans influenced Malta's development, including infrastructure, governance, and early Christian roots, within the Mediterranean region.

• 480-218 B.C. – Carthaginian rule dominated Malta’s strategic position and rapidly developed into a Carthaginian naval base. ^{[ 3 | p.73 ] [ 4 ]}
• 264-241 B.C. – The First Punic War began with tensions in Messana between Rome and Carthage over Sicily. As a result of naval battles and sieges, Rome was able to regain control of Sicily after years of struggle. ^{[ 5 ] [ 3 | p. 137 ]}
• 255 B.C. – Malta, a Carthaginian territory, was raided and its countryside was devastated by the Romans. The Maltese islands' strategic position was not appreciated by the Romans. ^{[ 3 | p.138 ]}
• 218 B.C.-330 A.D. – Following the defeat of Carthage in the First Punic War, Malta became part of the Roman empire. After the Second Punic War, when Rome consolidated control over the western Mediterranean, it formally annexed the islands. ^{[ 1 | p. 10, 11 & 55 ] [ 2 ]}
• 218-201 B.C. – The Second Punic War was marked by Hannibal's victories, like Cannae, which ultimately ended in Rome's victory. The defeat of Carthage resulted from Hannibal's defeat at Zama after initial victories in Italy. ^{[ 5 ] [ 3 | p. 139 ]}
• 218 B.C. – Capture of Malta - In the early stages of the Second Punic War, forces of the Roman Republic led by Tiberius Sempronius Longus successfully invaded the Carthaginian island of Malta. ^{[ 3 | p. 138 ]}
• 218 B.C. – Malta was incorporated within the Roman Commonwealth, which prevented its use as a potential military base for naval military action in the Sicilian channel. ^{[ 3 | p. 138 ] [ 6 ]}
• 200 B.C. – A Roman temple, dedicated to the goddess Hera, is built over the remains of the Tas-Silġ Megalithic Temples close to Marsaxlokk. ^{[ 3 | p. 220 ]}
• 149-146 B.C. – The Third Punic War was sparked by Carthage's resistance to Rome and culminated in the destruction of Carthage. Despite of a long siege, Scipio Aemilianus managed to capture the city, which was razed and its survivors slaved. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 117 B.C. – During the Roman Empire's reign of Hadrian, Malta was promoted to the level of Municipium gaining local autonomy as well as cultural, economic, and strategic renown. ^{[ 7 ] [ 8 ]}
• 73 B.C. – The two years that Gaius Verres ruled Sicily, including Malta, were marked by corruption and plunder. In order to prosecute Verres, Malta and Sicily united to persuade Cicero, one of Rome's greatest orators. ^{[ 10 | p. 8 ] [ 11 ]}

The Roman period continues further down.

Roman Period Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Classical To Medieval Period

The following timeline transitions into a period spanning 1521 years, going through several different Era's such as the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Norman, and Medieval. Each era is split into separate headline to easily structure this section periodically.

Roman & Byzantine Period: 41 A.D. - 870 A.D.

Malte, which was a Roman municipium when Saint Paul's shipwreck occurred, was occupied by Vandals and Gothics, and was eventually reconquered by the Byzantines. Traditions and influences were blended through cultural exchanges, invasions, and conquests.

• 41 A.D. – Rome granted Malta municipal privileges, allowing for local governance, economic growth, and integration into the empire's administration. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 60 A.D. – Saint Paul, Malta's Patron Saint, is celebrated for his shipwreck on the island as described in the New Testament (Acts 28, 1). In St. Luke's account, the island was called Melita. ^{[ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]}
• 60 A.D. – According to tradition, Publius, the Roman Governor of Malta, welcomed Saint Paul during his shipwreck. Upon converting to Christianity, he became Malta's first bishop and was martyred in Athens, becoming Malta's first saint. ^{[ 5 ] [ 6 ]}
• 117-138 A.D. – Hadrian granted Malta municipal status, a significant administrative shift that emphasized the island's growing integration into the Roman Empire. ^{[ 7 ] [ 8 ]}
• 305 A.D. – Rome's final division was a significant event in its history. The division was part of the empire's gradual fragmentation into eastern and western halves. ^{[ 10 ] [ 7 ]}
• 395-870 A.D. – Byzantine rule consolidates Eastern Christian influence. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 454-464 A.D. – Vandals were Germanic people who conquered North Africa and the Mediterranean by migrating across Europe. It was their legacy that inspired the term "vandalism" for destruction after their kingdom fell in 533 AD. ^{[ 11 | p.13 ] [ 12 ]}
• 454-476 A.D. – Historians theorise that Malta remained in Vandal hands during these years and then granted to Odoacre as tribute, before passing on to Theodoric after this defeat of Odoacre in 493 A.D. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 464 A.D. – Malta was occupied by the Goths during the wider barbarian invasions as the weak Roman Empire came under pressure from a variety of Germanic tribes and Huns. ^{[ 12 ] [ 7 ] [ 1 ]}
• 533 A.D. – Byzantine reconquest brought Malta back under the control of the East for the first time in its history. ^{[ 7 ] [ 13 | p. 58 & 59 ]}
  
• 535-536 to 869-870 A.D. – When Sicily was conquered by the Byzantine Empire, Malta fell under their rule. Byzantine influences on Malta are theorized by historians. ^{[ 11 | p. 6 & 13 ] [ 9 ]}
• 827 A.D. – Malta likely came under Muslim influence and attack as early as 827 as a result of the Aghlabites' invasion of Sicily. ^{[ 11 | p. 46 ] [ 12 ]}

Roman & Byzantine Period Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Arab Period: 870 A.D. - 1090 A.D.

A transformation occurred in Malta under the control of the Arabs, as their new rulers reshaped the administration, language, and architecture of the country. Depopulation and resettlement changed the mix of people living there. 

• 870 A.D. – The Aghlabid invasion expels Byzantines and establishes Arab Control. ^{[ 1 ] [ 2 | p. 47 & p. 51 & p. 53 ] [ 3 ]}
• 910 A.D. – According to Muhammad bin Abd al-Munim al-Himyari, Malta was uninhabited after the Muslim conquest until it was colonized by Muslims from Sicily. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 1048-1049 A.D. – The Byzantine Empire launches a failed attempt trying to reconquer the islands. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 1048-1049 A.D. – According to Muhammad bin Abd al-Munim al-Himyari, Malta was uninhabited after the Muslim conquest until it was colonized by Muslims from Sicily, possibly earlier. But the statement of 910 A.D. proves differently. ^{[ 1 ]}

Arab Period Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Norman & Medieval Era: 1090 A.D. - 1283 A.D.

Malta switched from Muslim to Norman rule and merged with the Kingdom of Sicily. It was a time when Christianity flourished, government strengthened, and trade expanded. During the Middle Ages, feudal structures, legal reforms, and shifting alliances shaped its identity.

• 1091 – Count Roger (Roger I of Sicily) a Norman nobleman, defeated the Muslim resistance and took control. The invasion marked the surrender of the inhabitants, the release of Christian captives, and the agreement of tribute. ^{[ 1 | p. 73 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1122 – The Arabs of Malta formed a plot to seize the island against Norman rule which failed. ^{[ 4 | p.61 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ]}
• 1127 – Malta was fully incorporated into the Norman Kingdom of Sicily under Roger II (Count Roger’s son), his successor, and Christianity flourished. ^{[ 2 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1144 – Malta was attacked by the Byzantine Empire in a failed attempt to recapture it. ^{[ 7 ]}
• 1154 – Norman authorities appointed John (a Christian cleric) the Bishop of Palermo and Malta. As a result, Malta's religious and administrative structure was strengthened within the Norman Kingdom. ^{[ 6 ] [ 8 ]}
• 1154-1205 – Genoese merchants influenced Malta’s trade and politics. ^{[6] [9]}
• 1193 – The islands were granted as a fief to Margarito Brundusio, the Grand Admiral of Sicily with the title of Count. ^{[ 4 | p. 61 ] [ 10 ]}
• 1194-1266 – Swabian Rule - Under Emperor Frederick II, Malta saw centralization, legal reforms, and strengthened feudal systems, integrating the islands more tightly into the Kingdom of Sicily. ^{[ 11 ] [ 12 ]}
• 1224 – King Frederick II, King of Sicily, expelled the Arabs from Sicily and Malta, ending centuries of Arab rule as he sought to consolidate his power over the islands. ^{[ 5 | p.98 ]}
• 1266-1283 – The Angevins Rule - Malta became part of the Kingdom of Sicily, which centralized control, granted feudal privileges, and promoted political instability. ^{[ 1 | p.121 ] [ 12 ]}

Norman & Medieval Era Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Aragonese Period: 1282 - 1530

The Aragonese era led to Malta's development into a feudal society, characterized by expanding trade, strong local governance, and tight royal authority. As a result of political struggles, noble influence, and corsair raids, religious institutions flourished, strengthening ties with Europe.

• 1282 – A rebellion against Charles I of Anjou began the War of the Sicilian Vespers on March 30, and ended in 1302 with the Peace of Caltabellotta. Aragonise control of Sicily was transferred to the Angevins (French rule). ^{[ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1283-1530 – Under Aragonese rule, Malta became a key part of the Kingdom of Aragon. In this period, a feudal system was established, the economy grew, and local government was introduced. ^{[ 14 | p. 139 ] [ 27 ]}
• 1283 – The Aragonese admiral Roger di Lauria defeated the Angevins, leaving 200 Catalans to defend Malta. It took a year for the Angevin resistance to end. ^{[ 2 ] [ 4 ]}
• 1292 – From this year onwards, Malta was in the hands of Genoese pirates who acted as Counts of Malta. It was a group of maritime raiders originating from Genoa. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1330 – During the reign of Frederick III of Sicily, the Maltese Islands were reacquired by his kingdom. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1330 – Frederick III of Sicily granted Malta as a fief to Roger de Fior. ^{[ 2 ]}
  
• 1350 – Direct governance was requested by the Maltese, and it was granted promptly by the Crown of Aragon. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1350-1372 – The island of Malta came under the control of Giacomo de Pellegrino, a Messinese who settled on the island. ^{[ 2 ] [ 5 ]}
• 1350 – The establishment of Maltese nobility by King Ludwig of Sicily or by King Louis of Aragon under Aragonese rule.
• 1350 – During the reign of King Louis of Sicily (House of Aragon), Francesco Gatto was granted 'Djar il-Bniet' as his fief. ^{[ 6 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1350-1357 – Malte was incorporated into the Aragonese royal domain for the first time. ^{[ 3 ]}
• 1353 – Malta is officially transferred to Angelo de Caziolo by Ludovico or Louis of Sicily. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1356 – Malta's Capitano della Verga ('Hakem') was Giacomo Pellegrino, who oversaw justice, and administration, and represented Aragonese authority. ^{[ 3 ] [ 7 ]}
• 1360 – The Kingdom of Sicily granted Malta to Guido Ventimiglia, a prominent nobleman and administrator. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1369 – Malta was controlled by the Aragonese nobleman Manfredi di Chiaramonte. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1372 – Rabat's Franciscan presence was linked to the Hospital of Santo Spirito (1372). ^{[ 8 ] [ 2 ]}
• 1392 – The control of Malta was passed over to William Raymond de Moncada of Augusta, a prominent nobleman. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1393-1397 – The time of the Tyrants marked Malta's feudal misrule. ^{[ 9 ] [ 1 ]}
• 1397 – Università (Commune) was established in Malta, marking the beginning of local government. ^{[ 10 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1397 – Maltese petition the Royal Crown to rule directly from Aragon. Malta remained under direct rule until 1530 when Charles V cedes Malta to the Order of St John. ^{[ 2 ] [ 11 ]}
• 1397 – During the October parliament session in Syracuse, Malta, including its city and castles, was declared part of the royal demesne. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 1397-1420 – Malta was incorporated into the royal domain of Aragon for the second time. ^{[ 10 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1412-1530 – The Crown of Aragon ruled Malta during this period, when it merged with Castile to become the Spanish Crown. ^{[ 3 ]}
• 1413 – The Augustinians arrived in Malta, building a friary and church outside the walls of Mdina. They later established a convent in Rabat. Though their arrival can also be traced back to 1370. ^{[ 8 ] [ 12 ]} 
• 1418 – According to tradition, the Carmelites were established in 1418, and their presence at Il-Lunzjata outside Rabat was documented in 1441. ^{[ 8 ] [ 13 ]}
• 1418 – The Benedictine presence in Mdina began in 1418 with the Hospital of San Pietro, which became a Benedictine nunnery in 1455, but another monastery, St. Scholastica Nunnery, already existed by 1443. ^{[ 8 ]}
• 1420 – Feudal possession of Malta granted to Don Antonio Cardona. ^{[ 14 | p. 204-206 ]}
• 1420 – The ‘Consiglio Popolare’ (Popular Council), was mentioned during King Alphonsus' mortgage of Malta to Antonio, highlighting Malta's evolving governance. ^{[ 7 ]}
• 1421 – Alfonso, seeking funds for his wars, mortgaged the Maltese islands to Don Gonsalvo Monroy, a Castillian galley captain, for 30,000 florins. Monroy’s acquisition reflected Alfonso’s desire to expand his dominions. ^{[ 15 ] [ 2 ]}
• 1423 – The Tunisian Corsairs attacked Malta and captured the Maltese bishop, who was taken as a slave. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1425 – A just overlord, Don Antonio Cardona sold his rights in 1425 to Monroy, who became a tyrant and died in 1428. ^{[ 16 ]}
• 1425 – A new set of rights and freedoms were granted to the people of Malta under the Aragonese rule through the Magna Carta Libertatis (A charter of liberties). ^{[ 17 ]}
• 1426-1427 – Maltese rebelled against their local lord, Don Gonsalvo de Monroy (or Monroi), leading a revolt against his feudal tyranny. ^{[ 16 ] [ 2 ] [ 18 ]}
• 1427 – Alfonso incorporated Malta into the Crown of Aragon, never granting it to any other party. ^{[ 3 ]}
• 1428 – A Moorish invasion threatened Malta, bringing turmoil and challenging Maltese resilience. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1428-1530 – Third, and final, official incorporation of the islands in the Royal Domain, solidifying royal control and governance. ^{[ 10 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1429 – April marked the death of Monroy. His will specified that half of the 20,000 florins already paid to the King would go to Alfonso, while the other half would be given to the Maltese. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 1429 – During the Hafsid dynasty's invasion of Malta, many locals were captured and enslaved, marking a dramatic chapter in the island's history. ^{[ 14 | p. 235 ] [ 19 ] [ 2 ]}
• 1436 – Bishop Senatore de Mello was appointed bishop of Malta and Gozo in 1429. His inventory of church properties listed ten established parishes and chapels, strengthening the ecclesiastical structure. ^{[ 3 ] [ 20 ]}
• 1439 – A raid by Calabrian corsairs on Malta's shores marked a significant event in the turbulent history of the island. ^{[ 21 | p. 136 ] [ 22 ] [ 2 ]}
• 1441 – The De Nava family was a prominent noble family in the Kingdom of Sicily who took over Castel Sant’Angelo (modern-day Fort St. Angelo in Birgu). ^{[ 2 ] [ 23 ]}
• 1450 – The first Dominican Priory was present in Rabat at or near Our Lady of the Grotto during the jubilee year 1450. ^{[ 24 ] [ 8 ]}
• 1485 – Death of Pietro Caxaro was the first known Maltese philosopher and poet, who was also the poet of the ‘Cantilena’ (Il-Kantilena). ^{[ 2 ] [ 14 | p. 253 ]}
• 1487 – The Sultan Bayezid's fleet anchored at Marsaxlokk before advancing towards Birgu, marking a notable maritime incursion in Maltese history. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1492 – Malta and Sicily came under Aragonese rule in 1479. According to the Alhambra Decree of 1492, many Jews were expelled, and some converted to Sicilian Levantine Christianity. ^{[ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 2 ]}
• 1519 – The Maltese were encouraged to honour and celebrate Charles V of Spain as their Emperor by the Viceroy of Sicily. ^{[ 2 ]}

Aragonese Period Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Knights of St. John: 1522 - 1798

The following sectional timeline will cover key events during the Knights of St. John’s rule in Malta and also the important structures built from the beginning with their arrival in 1530 until 1798 with the French occupation. As a result, their 268-year presence on the island came to an end.

Between Rhodes and Malta: The Knights’ Path to Malta: 1522 - 1530

After losing Rhodes, the Knights of St. John wandered Europe in search of a new base for their operations. The offer of Malta was made by Charles V, though concerns regarding food supplies, fortifications, and defences arose. Their acceptance secured sovereignty in return for an annual falcon tribute.

• 1522 – To regain control of the Eastern Mediterranean, on 26th June, the Ottoman Empire launched a decisive six-month attack to expel the Knights from Rhodes. They destroyed their stronghold with artillery and mines. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 26th June-22nd December 1522 – The Knights Hospitaller's resistance against Sultan Suleyman I (The Magnificent) attack on Rhodes was ended, with twelve days granted for their evacuation. ^{[ 2 | Chapter XV, p. 1 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ]}
• 1523 – The Grand Master, the knights, and about five thousand Christians on Rhodes chose to follow the fortunes of the Order into exile at night on the 1st of January. ^{[ 2 | Chapter XV, p.17 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1523-1529 – For seven years L' Isle Adam had travelled around Europe asking for help and donations for his Order. Places suggested or offered Cerigo in the Morea, Elba, Suda in Crete, Minorca, Ischia and Ponza. ^{[ 3 ] [ 5 | p. 140 ]}
• 1524 – Charles V offers Malta to the Knights of St. John. ^{[ 6 ] [ 7 | p. 215 ]}
• 1524 – The Grand Master sent an eight-member commission to Malta and cited three disadvantages: importation of food, outdated fortifications, and insufficient local defence. ^{[ 5 | p.146 ] [ 3 ]}
• 1530 – On the 24th March, The Order of St. John was granted sovereignty over Malta, Gozo, and Tripoli with all fortresses by Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain, who also required an annual falcon tribute to the viceroy apart from other conditions. ^{[ 2 | Chapter XV, p.17 ] [ 7 | p. 248 ]}

Between Rhodes and Malta Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

Knight Of Malta Arrival To The French Occupation: 1530 - 1798

Under the Knights of St. John's rule, Malta became a strong maritime and military base, with extensive fortifications, thriving trade, and a flourishing cultural heritage. Urban development, legal reforms, and religious influences shaped the islands. However, financial struggles, and political tensions. led to the knights decline.

• 1530 – It was on this day, the 26th of October that Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle Adam arrived with his convent at Malta, and he at once assumed sovereign power over the islands. ^{[ 1 | Chapter XV p. 22 ] [ 2 ]}
• 1530 – In October, Grand Master Philippe Villiers de L'Isle Adam made his ceremonial entry into Mdina (Citta' Notabile), where he received the keys to the city. ^{[ 1 | p. 250 ]}
• 1530 – Beginning their rule in Malta, on the 26th of October, the Knights of St. John arrive at Grand Harbour and established their headquarters in Birgu (Vittoriosa). ^{[ 3 ]}
• 1530 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Phillipe Villiers de l’Isle-Adam (France, 1521-1534). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1530-1541 – Fort St. Angelo. The Knights, concerned about the weak fortifications, started to fortify Castrum Maris, as it was called, with a moat, a massive cavalier facing Birgu and Salvatore Hill were built, and works kept ongoing over the years. ^{[ 5 | p. 222 ]}
• 1532 – Soon after its arrival in Malta, the Birgu Infirmary was built, catering to the Knights and male civilians. ^{[ 6 | p. 246 ]}
• 1534 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Pierion del Ponte (Italy, 1534-1535). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1535 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Didier de Saint-Jaille (France, 1535-1536). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1535 – Carnival, introduced by the Knights of St. John, has become one of Malta's most cherished cultural traditions. ^{[ 47 ]}
• 1535 – The 24th of June is the first official celebration of the Feast of St. John in Malta likely took place on this day at the Collegiate Church of Saint Lawrence, Vittoriosa. ^{[ 7 ] [ 8 ]}
• 1536 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Jean de Homedes (Aragon, 1536-1553). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1540-1541 – Under Ottoman protection, barbary pirates raided Malta and southern Italy, disrupting coastal communities and strengthening Ottoman influence. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 1544 – Dragut Reis spread fear and destruction, securing himself as a dominant figure in Mediterranean piracy. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1547 – Gozo was raided by Barbary pirates who enslaved many residents and shocked locals including the Knights. ^{[ 11 ]}
• 1551 – A devastating Ottoman raid led by Dragut (Turgut Reis) enslaved the entire population of Gozo. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1552 – On 14th January, Fort St. Elmo's foundation stone was laid and works to be completed in six months due to a possible Turkish attack. ^{[ 5 | p. 252 ]}
• 1553 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Claude de la Sengle (France, 1553-1557). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1553 – Fort Saint Michael stands on the peninsula called L'Isola. Fortifications began to surround the peninsula, which later developed into a city. The ruling Grand Master named it Senglea (L-Isla). ^{[ 5 | p. 262 ]}
• 1557 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Jean de Vallette-Parisot (Provence, 1557-1568). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1561 – On 22nd June, the Inquisition was established in Malta by Pope Pius IV, strengthening religious control and shaping the island's socio-political structure. ^{[ 12 ] [ 13 ]}
• 1565 – On 18th May, the Great Siege of Malta commenced. Under Mustapha Pasha, an Ottoman fleet of 138 galleys landed 40,000 troops to besiege Malta and conquer the Knights of St. John. ^{[ 14 ] [ 15 ]}
• 1565 – On 8th September after three months and three weeks of the Great Siege, the defeated Turkish armada left these shores, where the Knights survived and repelled the invasion. ^{[ 14 ] [ 15 ]}
• 1566-1570s – The foundation stone for Valletta was laid on the 28th of March 1566 with great pomp by Grand Master Fra' Jean de Vallette-Parisot. ^{[ 5 ] [ 16 | p. 148 ] [ 17 | p. 132 ]}
• 1566 – The first building in Valletta was the Church of Our Lady of Victory, built on the site of the laying of the city's foundation stone ceremony on 28th March. The first place of worship for the Knights was the Conventual Church of the Order. ^{[ 18 ]}
• 1566-1580 – After the Great Siege of 1565, the Knights focused on significantly strengthening the defences of the Cittadella in Victoria, Gozo. ^{[ 19 ] [ 5 | p. 237 ]}
• 1568 – Grand Master Jean Parisot de La Valette died on 21st August and was buried at the Church of Our Lady of the Victory in Valletta. ^{[ 20 ]}
• 1568 – Election of Grand Master Fra’ Pierre de Monte. (Italy, 1568-1572). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1571-1580 – The Palace was erected in Valletta to serve as the Knights of St. John's official residence. Over the years, it was enlarged and developed by successive Grand Masters. - Grand Masters Palace ^{[ 21 ]}
• 1571 – The Knights joined the Christian fleet at Lepanto, it only had three galleys in a fleet of 207 galleys opposing 230 galleys of the Ottoman fleet. ^{[ 6 | p. 162 ]}
• 1571 – The Knights transferred their convent and seat from Birgu to the new city of Valletta on 18th March. ^{[ 22 ]}
• 1572 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Jean L’Evesque de la Cassiere (Auvergne, 1572-1581). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1573-1578 – St. John's Church foundation stone was laid on 20th February and was used when completed as the Conventual Church of Order, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, today known as St. John's Co-Cathedral. ^{[ 23 ]}
• 1574-1666 – The hospital of the Knights, the Sacra Infermeria, was built in Valletta just adjacent to Fort St. Elmo, and was for a long time the best of its kind in Europe. ^{[ 24 | p. 165 ] [ 49 ]}
• 1575 – On 28th January, Pope Gregory XIII confirmed Mgr Pietro Dusina as an apostolic visitor. The documentation of Dusina, which covers every Maltese parish, church, and village in the 16th century, is invaluable for understanding Maltese history. ^{[ 25 ]}
• 1575 – From Birgu, the knights' hospital Sacra Infermeria moved to Valletta in the newly built building. ^{[ 48 ]}
• 1578 – St. John’s Church was solemnly consecrated to St. John the Baptist, the patron saint of the order on 20th February. ^{[ 23 | p. 168 ]}
• 1582 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Hugues Loubenx de Verdale (Provence, 1581-1595). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1585 – The Knight's Bakery was built which supplied bread to locals, the Knights' hospitals, prisons, garrison, and navy. It was designed by Gerolamo Cassar in 1584. ^{[ 26 ] [ 27 ]}
• 1586 – The Verdala Palace was built originally as a hunting lodge, today the summer residence of the President of the Republic of Malta. ^{[ 21 ] [ 28 ]}
• 1592 – In Valletta, the Society of Jesus founded the Jesuit College (Later University of Malta), which served as a centre for education and religious instruction. ^{[ 29 ]}
• 1593 – Manoel Island was utilized as a quarantine centre. ^{[ 6 | p. 25 ]}
• 1595 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Martin Garzez (Aragon, 1595-1601). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1601 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Alof de Wignacourt (France, 1601-1622). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1601-1622 – Wignacourt built six large coastal watchtowers, four of which survived and two of which were lost. ^{[ 30 ] [ 31 ] [ 5 | p. 322 ]}
• 1605-1720 – The coastal defences of Malta were strengthened by the construction of coastal towers under the reigns of Grand Master Alof de Wignacourt, Grand Master Paul Lascaris Castellar and Grand Master Martin de Redin. ^{[ 31 ] [ 5 | p. 322 ]}
  
• 1610-1611 – Saint Lucian Tower, located between Marsaxlokk and Birżebbuġa, is a polygonal watchtower and bastioned fort. The second of six Wignacourt towers. ^{[ 5 | p. 237 ]}
• 1610-1615 – Construction started on the Wignacourt Aqueduct and transported water from Dingli and Rabat springs to Valletta, through underground pipes and arched viaducts. Completed 21st April 1615. ^{[ 32 | p. 5 ]}
• 1615-1620 – Selmun Palace or Selmun Tower, built on the Selmun Peninsula in Mellieħa. It was built by the Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi, funded by the Monte di Pietà. ^{[ 21 ] [ 33 ]}
• 1622 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Luis Mendez de Vasconcellos (Castille, Leon, Portugal, 1622-1623). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1623 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Antoine de Paule (Provence, 1623-1636 A.D.) ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1632 – The Jesuit College elevated to university status, authorized to confer degrees. ^{[ 29 ]} 
• 1636–18th century – The Floriana lines were devised to protect Valletta's land front. Construction was started at the beginning of February. ^{[ 5 | p. 281 ]}
• 1636 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Jean Paul de Lascaris-Castellar (France, 1636-1657). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1637-1638 – The Lascaris towers are a series of mostly small coastal watchtowers on mainland Malta. The first seven towers were built between 1637 and 1638. The second set was between 1647 and 1652. ^{[ 31 ] [ 5 | p. 326 ]}
• 1638–1645 - The Santa Margherita Lines, at Cospicua (Bormla), were halted seven years after started with three central bastions due to lack of funds. ^{[ 5 | p. 290 ]}
• 1643 – The first building of the permanent Lazzaretto was erected by Grand Master Lascaris. ^{[ 6 | p. 25 ]}
• 1647-1652 – The second set of Lascaris towers comprising a large tower built on Malta, and two smaller ones on Gozo. The first set of seven was built between 1637 and 1638. ^{[ 31 ] [ 5 | p. 326 ] [ 34 ]}
• 1657 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Martin de Redin (Aragon, 1657-1660). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1658-1659 – Grand Master De Redin built thirteen small coastal towers around the coast of mainland Malta to serve as watchtowers. Today there are eight intact, two demolished and three collapsed. ^{[ 34 ] [ 5 | p. 326 ]}
• 1660 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Annet de Clermont-Gessant (Auvergne, 1660). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1660 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Raphael Cotoner (Aragon, 1660-1663). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1663 – Election of Grand Master Fra Nicolas Cotoner (Aragon, 1663-1680). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1667 – San Blas Tower, also known as 'it-Torri ta' Isopu', is located between San Blas and Dahlet Qorrot, Gozo. It was built at the expense of the Universita of Gozo during the reign of Grand Master Nicholas Cottoner. ^{[ 35 ] [ 36 ]}
• 1670 – The Cottonera Lines were built around the still unfinished Santa Margherita Lines but construction was stopped in 1680. ^{[ 5 | p. 290 & 295 ] [ 37 | p. 201 ]}
• 1670-1698 – Fort Ricasoli built as a bastioned fort in Kalkara, stands on the eastern peninsula of the Grand Harbour, commanding its entrance alongside Fort Saint Elmo. ^{[ 5 | p. 301 ]}
• 1676 – Grand Master Cotoner founded a chair of surgery and practical anatomy at Sacra Infermeria, Valletta, where regular medical courses were offered. ^{[ 41 | p. 203 ]}
• 1680 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Gregorio Carafa (Italy, 1680-1690). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1690 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Adrien de Wignacourt (France, 1690-1697). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1697 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Ramon Perellos y Roccaful (Aragon, 1697-1720). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1715-1736 – Construction of both the Santa Margherita (3.46 kilometres or 2.15 miles) and the Cottonera Lines (6.27 kilometres or 3.9 miles) continued and completed. ^{[ 5 | p. 290 ]}
• 1720 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Marc Antonio Zondadari (Italy, 1720-1722). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1722 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Antonio Manoel de Vilhena (Castille, Leon, Portugal, 1722-1736). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1723-1733 – Fort Manoel constructed in a baroque star fort on Manoel Island, located on Marsamxett Harbour and Sliema Creek, is a masterpiece of functionality and aesthetics. ^{[ 5 | p. 306 ]}
• 1732 – The Manoel Theatre was built for the entertainment of the people and named after the grand master with the first performance on 19th January. ^{[ 38 ] [ 24 | p. 215 ]}
• 1732 – Construction of Fort Manoel on the small island in the middle of Marsamxett Harbour, today called Manoel Island. ^{[ 5 | p. 306 ]}
• 1736 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Raymond Despuig (Aragon, 1736-1741). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1741 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Manuel Pinto de Fonseca (Castille, Leon, Portugal, 1741-1773). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1749–1760s – Fort Chambray was built as a bastioned fort located on high ground overlooking Mġarr Harbour, in the vicinity of Għajnsielem village, on the island of Gozo. ^{[ 5 | p. 312 ]}
• 1768 – Political and religious tensions led to the expulsion of the Jesuits from Malta as part of broader European suppression efforts. ^{[ 29 ]}
• 1768 – The Knights of St. John confiscated Jesuit properties, including the Collegium Melitense, following the expulsion of the Jesuits amid European suppression efforts. ^{[ 38 ]}
• 1770 – Fort Ricasoli was constructed at the mouth of the Grand Harbour, Valletta at the so-called "Punta de H'Orso". ^{[ 39 ] [ 24 | p. 202 ]}
• 1773 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Francisco Ximenes de Texada (Aragon, 1773-1775). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1775 – The priest's rebellion against the Knights was quickly crushed. Maltese tensions with the Knights over social inequality and economic hardship were evident. ^{[ 40 ] [ 41 ] [ 42 ]}
• 1775 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Emmanuel de Rohan-Polduc (France, 1775-1797). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1784 – It was on the 17th of July under Grand Master De Rohan's reign that the "Codice Municipale di Malta" became the first codification of laws the island ever had, improving upon Vilhena's 1723 "Leggi e Costituzioni Prammaticali". ^{[ 43 ]}
• 1792 – During the French Revolution, the Order of St. John lost its possessions in France worth 112 million livres, resulting in a devastating financial blow. ^{[ 44 ]}
• 1793–1795 – Sliema's Fort Tigné, a polygonal fort at Tigné Point, was constructed to guard the entrance to Marsamxett Harbour, replacing the former watch post. ^{[ 5 | p. 318 ]}
• 1797 – Election of Grand Master Fra' Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim (Germany, 1797-1801). ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1797 – Bishop Labini became "Bishop of Malta and Archbishop of Rhodes," and all his successors in the diocese of Malta, revoked in 1928. Malta's diocese separated from Palermo in 1831 and became a Metropolitan See in 1944. ^{[ 45 ] [ 46 ]}

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The French Occupation: 1798 - 1800

The following period explores key events in Malta leading up to the French landing and the subsequent British occupation in 1800. This era highlights the island's political shifts, conflicts, and strategic importance during this turbulent period.

Before The Invasion | Napoleon’s Plans Before Arriving in Malta: 1797 - 1798

It was Napoleon's intention, before invading Malta, to weaken the Knights through internal betrayal and political maneuvering. While French knights provided intelligence, while the envoys spread dissension. During the course of his expedition to Egypt in 1798, Malta became a strategic target for his fleet.

• June 1797 - Some French knights were willing to give up their Order for the sake of their country and gave Bonaparte highly crucial information. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 13th September 1797 - Napoleon wrote to Talleyrand, the French Minister of Foreign Affairs, "Why should we not confiscate the island of Malta?" ^{[ 2 | p. 9 & 10 ]}
• 12th November 1797 - In another letter sent to Talleyrand, Napolean said that he would send Citizen Poussielgue to Malta to feel the ground, and create dissension amongst the Knights and the people. ^{[ 2 | p. 11 ] [ 3 | p. 137 ]}
• 19th May 1798 - The fleet set sail from France to Egypt. ^{[ 2 | p. 15 ] [ 4 ]}

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The Rise and Fall Of The French Occupation: 1798 - 1800

As Napoleon seized Malta, he imposed reforms and confiscated church treasures, sparking widespread discontent. The rebellion of the Maltese, caused fierce resistance and a French withdrawal within the forts. Following a two-year blockade, Valletta surrendered in 1800, and Malta came under British protection.

9th June 1798

• The French fleet was sighted off Gozo around 4 in the afternoon. ^{[ 1 | p. 17 ] [ 2 | p. 217 ]}
• Around two hours later, a boat entered port carrying a messenger with a letter to Monsienier Caruson, the acting French consul for Malta. ^{[ 2 | p. 217 ]}
• Monsienier Caruson immediately went to the Grand Master to present the letter requesting permission for the French fleet to enter the harbour for water. ^{[ 2 | p. 217 ]}
• Grand Master Hompesch convened a council of war, deciding to allow only four ships at a time into the harbour. ^{[ 2 | p. 217 ]}
• The French felt offended by the restricted entry. ^{[ 2 | p. 217 ]}

10th June 1798

• French generals were ordered early morning to disembark and capture all batteries and towers. ^{[ 2 | p. 217 ] [ 3 | p. 139 ]}
• Despite Hompesch’s refusal to admit French ships, Napoleon issued an ultimatum offering to respect Maltese religion, customs, and property if hostilities were avoided. ^{[ 3 | p. 139 ]}
• After landing, French soldiers encountered resistance from numerous Maltese forces but quickly defeated them. ^{[ 2 | p. 218 ]}
• Other French troops landed at four points across Malta, meeting limited resistance from the Maltese militia, which was quickly subdued. ^{[ 2 | p. 218 ]}
• The French landed on Gozo around 1 in the afternoon, capturing the coastal forts and the Citadel. By nightfall, Gozo was under French control. ^{[ 3 | p. 139 ]}
• General Vaubois marched to Mdina, where the militia had retreated. Mdina’s city council agreed to capitulate under conditions that religion, liberty, and property be respected. ^{[ 3 | p. 139 ]}

12th June 1798

• By noon, the Convention of eight articles was signed by both parties. ^{[ 3 | p. 141 ]}
• Napoleon and representatives of the Order and the Maltese signed a convention ceding the sovereignty of Malta and its fortifications to the French. ^{[ 2 ]}

13th June 1798

• French frigates and L'Orient entered the Grand Harbour. ^{[ 2 | p. 218 ]}
• Napoleon disembarked, walking through Valletta’s streets accompanied by triumphant military marches. ^{[ 2 | p. 218 ] [ 3 | p. 143 ]}
• During his six-day stay, Napoleon dictated instructions that transformed Maltese governance. ^{[ 2 | p. 219-223 ]}

18th June 1798

• The Grand Master and knights departed Malta with relics after its capitulation, sailing to Trieste and later finding refuge with Paul I of Russia. ^{[ 3 | p. 147 ]}

July 1798

• Widespread dissent due to confiscations of church treasures and properties continued in the following months. ^{[ 2 | p. 227-230 ] [ 3 | p. 149-150 ]}

2nd September 1798

• Maltese Rebellion against French rule began when they entered the churches of Rabat and Mdina to take away the precious ornaments and sell them. ^{[ 2 | p. 227 ]}
• In Rabat, Maltese rebels killed the French commander Mason and two of his soldiers. The French retreated to Mdina’s bastions. ^{[ 2 | p. 227 ] [ 3 | p. 150 ]}
• The Maltese attempted to capture Mdina, breaking through the tunnel and defeating the French garrison. ^{[ 2 | p. 230 ] [ 3 | p. 150 ]}

4th September 1798

• The Maltese established the National Assembly at the Banka Guratele in Mdina, organizing battalions and planning attacks against the French. ^{[ 2 | p. 230 ] [ 3 | p. 150 ]}

28th October 1798

• Gozo’s French commander surrendered with 217 men to Captain Ball, marking the fall of Gozo to the British and Maltese forces. ^{[ 4 ]}

5th September 1800

• General Vaubois and the French forces surrendered Valletta to the British after a two-year blockade. The British occupied major fortifications and took control of the Grand Harbour. ^{[ 3 | p. 177 ]}
• Malta came under British protection. ^{[ 3 | p. 177 ]}

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The British interregnum Period: 1800 - 1813

Following Malta's capitulation in 1800, British rule expanded naval control and governance. Despite British refusal to return Malta to the Knights as a result of the 1802 Treaty of Amiens, a renewed war with France broke out in 1803. After becoming a British Crown Colony in 1813, Malta suffered a devastating plague outbreak.

• 1800 – The capitulation was signed on the 5th of September between General Vaubois, Commander-in-chief of the islands and Major-General Henry Pigot. ^{[ 1 | p.46 ]}
  
• 1800 – The Malta Dockyard was gradually passed over to the Royal Navy. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1800 – For the first 50 years of British rule the currency included Knights and English coins, Sicilian Dollars, South American Dollars, French 5 Franc pieces, and Spanish Doubloons. ^{[ 3 ]}
• 1801 – Major-General Henry Pigot appointed British Civil Commissioner (1801-1801). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
  
• 1801 – Sir Charles Cameron appointed British Civil Commissioner (1801-1802). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
  
• 1802 – Sir Alexander John Ball appointed British Civil Commissioner (1802-1809). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1802 – Article X of the Peace Treaty of Amiens was signed to return the islands to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. ^{[ 1 | p.46 ]}
  
• 1803 – Napoleon warned the British he would go to war if they did not evacuate the islands. ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1803 – War declared again against the French and the evacuation of troops was halted. ^{[ 5 ]}
• 1807 – Bishop Ferdinando Matte was appointed as Bishop of Malta. ^{[ 6 ]}
• 1810 – Lt. General Sir Hildebrand Oakes appointed British Civil Commissioner (1810-1813). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
  
• 1811 – Marquis Nicolò Testaferrata and some Maltese patriots petitioned the British Government demanding the old Consiglio Popolare be reinstated. ^{[ 7 ]}
• 1813 – The Bathurst Constitution was introduced under British Rule (1813-1835). ^{[ 8 ]}
  
• 1813 – Lt. General Sir Thomas Maitland appointed Governor of Malta (1813-1824). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1813 – Malta declared a British Crown Colony as the first Governor was appointed. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 1813 – The daughter of a shoemaker in Valletta had a fever and died. The start of the Plague outbreak. ^{[ 10 ]}

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Malta Under British Rule Until WW1: 1814 - 1913

Under British rule, Malta underwent constitutional reforms, infrastructure expansion, and public health advancements. New transportation systems emerged amid plague and cholera outbreaks. Heritage discoveries enriched Malta's heritage, and strategic developments strengthened its position as an important Mediterranean naval and trade hub.

• 1814 – Part of The Peace Treaty of Paris Article VII declared that Malta belonged under British sovereignty. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 1814 – The Malta Police Force was established after the Treaty of Paris. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1814 – The islands of Malta were officially plague-free with over 4500 deaths. ^{[ 3 ]}
  
• 1814 – The Mint of the Order ceased to function and the machinery was taken to storage. ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1815 – The Bathurst Constitution was reaffirmed by the Congress of Vienna. ^{[ 5 ]}
  
• 1815 – Article XI of the Second Treaty of Paris confirmed Malta's status, upholding previous treaties unless otherwise modified. ^{[ 6 ]}
• 1823 – The carnival tragedy in Valletta which took the lives of 110 boys. ^{[ 7 ]}
• 1824 – General Francis Rowden, the Marquis of Hastings appointed Governor of Malta (1824-1826). ^{[ 1 ]}
• 1825 – Preparation steps for the introduction of the local British monetary system. ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1827 – Major General Sir Frederick Ponsonby was appointed Governor of Malta (1827-1836). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1827 – Excavations started on the Ġgantija, a UNESCO megalithic temple complex in Gozo. ^{[ 40 ]}
• 1830 – Smallpox outbreak during British rule with significant deaths, numbers undocumented. ^{[ 8 ]}
• 1831 – The Dismemberment of the Maltese See from the Metropolitan See of Palermo. ^{[ 9 ]}
  
• 1831 – Bishop Francesco Saverio Caruana was appointed as Bishop of Malta. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1833 – Construction begins on the iconic Mosta Dome Church consecrated in October 1871. ^{[ 12 ] [ 13 ]}
  
• 1835 – An official proclamation promulgated the 'Royal Instructions' for the constitution of a Council of Government (1835-1849). ^{[ 14 ]}
  
• 1836 – Lt. General Sir Henry Bouverie appointed Governor of Malta (1836-1843). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1837 – The First Major Cholera Outbreak, devastating the population (June to October 1837). ^{[ 15 ] [ 16 | p.66 ]}
  
• 1839 – Press Censorship Abolished. ^{[ 17 ]}
  
• 1839 – The foundation stone of St Paul’s Anglican Pro-Cathedral in Valletta was laid. ^{[ 18 ]}
• 1839 & 1954 – Ħagar Qim is a Megalithic Temple Complex was excavated during these years. ^{[ 41 ] [ 42 ]}
• 1840 – The excavations of the Mnajdra Temples were carried out under the direction of JG Vance. ^{[ 42 ]}
• 1843 – Lt. General Sir Patrick Stuart was appointed Governor of Malta (1843-1847). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
  
• 1846 – Carnival Riots Erupt Over Political and Religious Tensions. ^{[ 7 ]}
  
• 1847 – Richard More O'Ferrall appointed Governor of Malta (1847-1851). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1847 – Bishop Publio Maria Sant was appointed as Bishop of Malta. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1849 – The Malta Constitution of 1849 was enacted including the first Maltese representatives (1849-1887). ^{[ 1 | p.54 ]}
  
• 1850 – The second major Cholera Epidemic hits the islands. ^{[ 16 | p.240 ]}
• 1851 – General Sir William Reid was appointed Governor of Malta (1851-1858). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
  
• 1853 –  During the Crimean War, (16th October 1853 to 30th March 1856), Malta served as a major military and supply depot, naval base, and hospital for wounded and ill soldiers. ^{[ 20 ]}
• 1854 – 2nd time elected Maltese to the Council of Government. ^{[ 21 | p.21 ]}
• 1855 – The British Pound was declared the only legal tender in Malta. ^{[ 22 ]}
• 1856 – In November the first Omnibus started its operation in Malta. ^{[ 23 ]}
• 1857 – Bishop Gaetano Pace-Forno was appointed as Bishop of Malta. O.E.S.A. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1858 – Lt. General Sir John Gaspard Le Marchant appointed Governor of Malta (1858-1864). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1860 – The first two post pillar boxes were installed in Valletta. ^{[ 24 ]}
  
• 1860 – The first postal stamp was issued. ^{[ 25 ]}
• 1860 – 3rd time elected Maltese to the Council of Government. ^{[ 21 | p.21 ]}
• 1864 – Lt. General Sir Henry Storks appointed Governor of Malta (1864-1867). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1864 – Gozo and Comino were erected into a separate and independent diocese according to Ordinance VIII of 1865. ^{[ 1 | p.63 ]}
• 1864 – Bishop Michael Francis Buttigieg was appointed Bishop of Gozo. ^{[ 26 ]}
• 1865 – 4th time elected Maltese to the Council of Government. ^{[ 21 | p.21 ]}
• 1865 – The Third major Cholera outbreak hits the islands. ^{[ 16 | p.240 ]}
• 1866 – Inauguration of the Royal Opera House at the entrance of Valletta. ^{[ 27 ]}
  
• 1867 – General Sir Patrick Grant was appointed Governor of Malta (1867-1872). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1867 – The Fourth major Cholera outbreak hits the islands. ^{[ 16 | p.240 ]}
  
• 1868 – Under British rule, the Civil Code unified and modernized Malta's civil laws.
• 1868 – Bishop Antonius Grech-Delicata-Testaferrata-Cassia appointed Bishop of Gozo. ^{[ 26 ]}
• 1869 – The opening of the Suez Canal boosted Malta’s strategic importance. ^{[ 28 ]}
  
• 1870 – 5th time elected Maltese to the Council of Government. ^{[ 21 | p.21 ]}
• 1870 – Referendum on Ecclesiastics Serving on the Government Council. ^{[ 11 ]}
• 1870 – A major smallpox outbreak significantly affected many people, especially children until it ended in 1871. ^{[ 16 | p.34 ] [ 8 ]}
• 1872 – General Sir Charles Van Straubenzee was appointed Governor of Malta (1872-1878). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1875 – Bishop Carmelo Scicluna was appointed as Bishop of Malta. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1875 – 6th time elected Maltese to the Council of Government. ^{[ 21 | p.21 ]}
  
• 1876 – The Prince of Wales visits Malta. ^{[ 39 ]}
• 1877 – Bishop Pietro Pace was appointed Bishop of Gozo. ^{[ 26 ]}
• 1878 – General Sir Arthur Borton was appointed Governor of Malta (1878-1884). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
  
• 1880 – 7th time elected Maltese to the Council of Government. ^{[ 21 | p.21 ]}
• 1881 – An Executive Council composed of nominated members was introduced. ^{[ 29 ]}
  
• 1881 & 1920-1925 – The Domus Romana situated between Mdina and Rabat is a ruined Roman-era house of the 1st century B.C. accidentally discovered in 1881 by workers. ^{[ 43 ]}
• 1882 – The first telephone landed on the Maltese islands. ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1882 – Electric lighting was introduced in Malta, starting from Valletta. ^{[ 31 ]}
• 1883 – 8th time elected Maltese to the Council of Government. ^{[ 21 | p.21 ]}
• 1883 – The inauguration of the Malta Railway. ^{[ 32 ]}
• 1883 – The first demonstration of electricity for consumers. ^{[ 31 ]}
• 1883 – Ta' Pinu Sanctuary, Gozo; Karmela Grima and Francesco Portelli miraculously hear the Virgin Mary’s voice. ^{[ 33 ]}
• 1884 – General Sir John Lintorn Simmons was appointed Governor of Malta (1884-1888). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1885 – First regular passenger service between Gozo and Malta. ^{[ 34 ]}
  
• 1885 – Melita Telephone Company was formed. ^[30]
  
• 1886 – Surgeon Major David Bruce discovers the bacterium called Brucellosis which is known as Malta Fever. ^{[ 35 ]}
• 1887 – A new "Knutsford Constitution" was enacted. ^{[ 21 | p.28 ]}
• 1887 – Fifth major Cholera Outbreak hits the Maltese islands. ^{[ 16 ]}
  
• 1888 – Lt. General Sir Henry Torrens was appointed Governor of Malta (1888-1890). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1888 – 1st election according to Knutsford Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.30 ]}
  
• 1889 – Bishop Giovanni Maria Camilleri appointed Bishop of Gozo, O.E.S.A. ^{[ 26 ]}
• 1889 – 2nd election according to Knutsford Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.30 ]}
  
• 1890 – Lt. General Sir Henry Augustus Smyth was appointed Governor of Malta (1890-1893). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
  
• 1892 – 3rd election according to "Knutsford Constitution". ^{[ 21 | p.30 ]}
• 1893 – General Sir Arthur Lyon Fremantle was appointed Governor of Malta (1893-1899). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1895 – 4th  election according to Knutsford Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.30 ]}
  
• 1897 – The telephone expanded to the island of Gozo. ^{[ 30 ]}
  
• 1898 – 5th election according to Knutsford Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.30 ]}
• 1899 – 6th election according to Knutsford Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.30 ]}
• 1899 – Lt. General Lord F.W. Grenfell was appointed Governor of Malta (1899-1903). ^{[ 1 | p.47]}
• 1900 – 7th election according to Knutsford Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.30 ]}
  
• 1903 – King Edward Vll made an official visit to Malta. ^{[ 38 ]}
• 1903 – The new Chamberlain Constitution was enacted. ^{[ 21 | p.36 ]}
• 1903 – The smallpox epidemic was controlled largely due to widespread vaccination efforts. ^{[ 8 ] [ 16 | p.34 ]}
• 1903 – General Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke was appointed Governor of Malta (1903-1907). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1903-1908 – The Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum at Tarxien was discovered and excavated. ^{[ 44 ]}
• 1904 – 1st, 2nd and 3rd elections according to Chamberlain Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.40 ]}
• 1904 – The first car ever imported to the islands was a Siddeley. ^{[ 36 ]}
• 1905 – Sir Themistocles Zammit discovers the source of the Malta Fever (brucellosis) which was transmitted by goat milk. ^{[ 37 ]}
• 1905 – The introduction of the bus as one of the public transport services. ^{[ 23 ]}
• 1905 – The Tram service was inaugurated. ^{[ 23 ]}
• 1907 – 4th election according to Chamberlain Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.40 ]}
  
• 1907 – Lt. General Sir Henry Grant was appointed Governor of Malta (1907-1909). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1909 – 5th election according to Chamberlain Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.40 ]}
  
• 1909 – General Sir Henry Leslie Rundle was appointed Governor of Malta (1909-1915). ^{[ 1 | p.47 ]}
• 1910 – Completion of Grand Harbour Breakwater Construction. ^{[ 19 ]}
• 1911 – 6th election according to Chamberlain Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.43 ]}
  
• 1912 – 7th election according to Chamberlain Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.43 ]}
• 1913 – 8th election according to Chamberlain Constitution. ^{[ 21 | p.43 ]}

Malta Under British Rule Until WW1 Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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World War 1 | The Nurse Of The Mediterranean: 1914 - 1918

World War I saw Malta play a vital role as a naval base and hospital island. The Maltese contributed to the British war effort. Additionally, the timeline shows how the broader conflict unfolded until peace was restored in 1918.

• 28th June 1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, heirs to the throne of Austro-Hungary of Austria, were assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian nationalist. ^{[ 1 | p. 9 & 16 ]}
• 14th July 1914 – As a result of the assassination, on 14th July, Russia mobilized its forces to defend Serbia. The first major military action in the escalating crisis. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 28th July 1914 – Austria declared war. This led effectively to the beginning of the First World War. ^{[ 1 | p. 16 ]}
• 1st August 1914 – Russia mobilised to defend Serbia, Germany declared war on her, aligned with Austria-Hungary. As a result of this action, the conflict spread across Europe. ^{[ 2 ] [ 3 ]}
• 3rd August 1914 – German troops invade Belgium to invade France. Britain and other nations were provoked by Belgium's violation of neutrality. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 3rd August 1914 – A proclamation was published calling the Royal Navy's reserves into active service and placing the volunteers at the disposal of the Admiralty to support wartime operations. ^{[ 1 | p. 23 ]}
• 4th August 1914 – The British government declared war against Germany after its actions against Belgium, honouring its obligations under the treaty to defend Belgian sovereignty. ^{[ 2 ]}
• August 1914 – The British started developing and building defences across the Maltese islands to keep the islands at their utmost defence which pace was kept all through the war perils. ^{[ 4 ]}
• 5th August 1914 – Maltese personnel were mobilized through Proclamations XIV and VIII declarations issued by the Maltese government at the onset of the First World War, and martial law was declared. ^{[ 1 | p. 23 ]}
• 6th August 1914 – The King's Own Malta Regiment and the Royal Engineers (militia) Malta divisions were ordered to be assembled. ^{[ 1 | p. 24 ]}
• 1914–1961 – The Skorba megalithic temples were excavated at Żebbiegħ, Mgarr. ^{[ 16 ]}
• September 1914 – By the end of this month, there were already 1000 Maltese serving in the British fleet. The recruitment of Maltese for frontline and logistical service was underway throughout the war years. ^{[ 1 | p. 24 ]}
• 28th October 1914 – Turkey entered the First World War as a member of the Central Powers, aligning itself with Germany and Austria-Hungary. ^{[ 5 ]}
• 13th February 1915 – A Short Seaplane Type 135 No: 136 made Malta's aviation history on this day when it took off from Grand Harbour's waters for its first flight. ^{[ 1 | p. 50 ]}
• 19th February 1915-9th January 1916 – During the Gallipoli Campaign, which was a failed Allied campaign, Malta served as a major hospital and Royal Navy base, treating wounded and sick from Gallipoli. ^{[ 6 ] [ 1 | p. 34-42]}
• March 1915 – Colonel Charles Edward Yate urged the House of Commons to involve Maltese and Cypriots in Imperial Defence, highlighting their loyalty and strategic value to the British Empire. ^{[ 1 | p. 24 ]}
  
• 17th March 1915 – The Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Fleets dispatched the Lords of the Admiralty to recognize the exceptional work of the Malta Dockyard, which worked at peak capacity due to the island's centralized location. ^{[ 1 | p. 60 ]}
• April 1915 – Thousands of wounded started arriving in Malta via hospital ships, triggering the rapid expansion of new hospital locations throughout the island. ^{[ 1 | p. 85 ]}
• 25th April 1915 – British, French, Australian, and New Zealander forces landed at the Gallipoli peninsula and witnessed one of the bloodiest landings in battle history. ^{[ 1 | p. 34 ]}
• 23rd May 1915 – Italy joined the Allies (Britain, France, and Russia) after the Treaty of London promised territorial gains, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary, ending its neutral position. ^{[ 7 ] [ 8 ]}
• July 1915 – A slipway and seaplane hanger were completed at Kalafrana (today the Freeport). ^{[ 1 | p. 51 ]}
• 5th October 1915 – In the Salonika Campaign that began, Allied troops landed in Greece to prevent Bulgaria from joining Germany and Austria-Hungary against Serbia. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 1915 – For the first time excavations at the Tarxien Temples had been conducted. ^{[ 17 ] [ 18 ]}
• 19th July 1916 – Mr Wyndlham Levy Grech was the first ever Maltese pilot to serve in combat, granted his aviator's certificate. He served with 42 Squadron in France. ^{[ 1 | p. 54 ]}
• 3rd August 1916 – As part of the second anniversary, European countries commemorated the anniversary of hostilities. In Malta, the Church and the Government organized a meeting at the Floriana Granaries. ^{[ 1 | p. 31 ]}
• 4th April 1917 – The United States declares war on Germany. The United States joined the war after Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping. ^{[ 10 ]}
• April 1918 – A Zeppelin loaded with bombs takes off from a German base in Bulgaria for Malta. This first air raid was only prevented by the vulnerability of this weapon. ^{[ 1 | p. 56 ]}
• 30th September 1918 – Bulgaria was the first Central Power to surrender. As a result of its unconditional surrender, the Balkan front collapsed. ^{[ 11 ]}
• 30th October 1918 – The Ottoman Empire ended its participation in the war by signing the Armistice of Mudros aboard HMS Agamemnon. ^{[ 12 ]}
• 3rd November 1918 – Austria-Hungary signed the Armistice of Villa Giusti near Padua, putting an end to hostilities with the Allies. ^{[ 12 ]}
• 11th November 1918 – The Allies and Germany signed an armistice in Compiègne, France, aboard Foch's railway carriage, with a ceasefire effective at 11 am on this day. ^{[ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ]}
• 11th November 1918 – The Malta Government Gazette announced: “His Excellency the Governor has been officially informed that an armistice with Germany was signed at 5 o’clock this morning.” Malta the people rejoiced by the ringing of bells, the waving of flags, and by demonstrations in the streets in which thousands of people participated. ^{[ 12 ]}
• 12th November 1918 – During the morning of the next day, the Maltese continued their celebrations throughout the day. ^{[ 12 ] [ 15 ]}

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The Period Between WWI and WWII: 1919 - 1939

Under British rule, Malta saw changes in its constitution, self-government, and political instability. A number of events contributed to the establishment of Malta's first Prime Minister, the suspension of Malta's constitutional government, the recognition of the Maltese language, and the preparation of military forces.

• 1919 – The 7th of June marks a series of riots by the Maltese population also known as Sette Giugno. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 1919 – Malta granted a Constitution of Self-Government under British Rule. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1919 – Field Marshal Herbert Viscount Plumer was appointed Governor of Malta (1919-1924). ^{[ 3 | p.47 ]}
• 1920 – Construction of Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Of Ta' Pinu, Gozo was started. ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1921 – New Constitution Amery-Milner (1921-1933). ^{[ 5 | p.57 ] [ 6 ]}
  
• 1921 – Hon. Joseph Howard elected 1st Prime Minister of Malta (1921-1923) ^{[ 2 | p.1221 ]}
  
• 1921 – The opening of Malta’s first parliament. ^{[ 7 ]}
• 1922 – The opening of Sir Paul Boffa Hospital, however, it was known as King George V (KGV) Hospital. ^{[ 8 ]}
• 1922 – The Maltese National Anthem Played Publicly for the First Time at Manoel Theatre. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 1923 – Hon. Dr. Francesco Buhagiar 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (1923-1924) ^{[ 2 | p.1221 ]}
• 1923–1961 - Ta' Ħaġrat Megalithic Temples in Mġarr, were excavated. ^{[ 20 ]}
• 1924 – Hon. Sir Ugo P. Mifsud elected 3rd Prime Minister of Malta (1924-1927). ^{[ 2 | p.1221 ]}
• 1924 – General Sir Walter Norris Congreve was appointed Governor of Malta (1924-1927). ^{[ 3 | p.47 ]}
• 1924 – Bishop Mikiel Gonzi was appointed Bishop of Gozo. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 1927 – Hon. Sir Gerald Strickland elected 4th Prime Minister of Malta (1927-1932). ^{[ 2 | p.1221 ]}
  
• 1927 – General Sir Philip John Du Cane was appointed Governor of Malta (1927-1931). ^{[ 3 | p.47 ]}
• 1929 – The Tram service had been terminated. ^{[ 10 ]}
  
• 1929 – The iconic Cisk Lager was launched and manufactured in Malta by Simonds Farsons Cisk. ^{[ 11 ]}
  
• 1930 – Constitution suspended due to Church-Political dispute the direct Colonial Office rule was brought into operation. ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1930 – The foundation stone of St. Luke's Hospital Gwardamingia was laid. ^{[ 13 ]}
• 1931 – Malta railway final closure after decades of service. ^{[ 14 ]}
• 1931 – The Traffic Control Board was formed. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1931 – General Sir David Graham Campbell was appointed Governor of Malta (1931-1936). ^{[ 3 | p.47 ]}
• 1932 – Basilica of the Blessed Virgin Of Ta' Pinu, Gozo was consecrated and opened to the public. ^{[ 4 ]}
  
• 1932 – Hon. Sir Ugo P. Mifsud elected 5th Prime Minister of Malta (1932-1933). ^{[ 2 | p.1221 ]}
• 1933 – Constitution Amery suspended (1921 - 1932). ^{[ 2 | p.207 ]} and once again went under the Colonial government. ^{[ 5 | p. XV ]}
  
• 1933–1959 - The excavations at the Ggantija megalithic temple in Gozo were continued. ^{[ 21 ]}
• 1933 – The office of the Prime Minister was abolished until 1947. ^{[ 2 | p.235 ]}
  
• 1933 – Constitution withdrawn as Fascist Italy increases influence. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 1933 – The Government Telephone System was inaugurated. ^{[ 15 ]}
  
• 1934 – Maltese is declared as an official language of Malta, together with English and Italian. ^{[ 16 ]}
• 1935 – Rediffusion Cable Radio Service was officially launched. ^{[ 17 | p.50 ]}
  
• 1935 – In the Abyssinian crisis, concrete pillboxes and beach posts helped protect beaches and military sites. ^{[ 18 | p.222 ]}
• 1936 – General Sir Charles Bonham-Carter was appointed Governor of Malta (1936-1940). ^{[ 3 | p.48 ]}
• 1936 – A patent letter established an executive council. This was considered a temporary constitution. ^{[ 2 | p. 201/208 ]}
• 1939 – Constitution Macdonald comes into force. (1939-1945). ^{[ 2 | p.209 ]}

The Period Between WWI and WWII Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Malta’s Post-War Era: 1945 - 1964

In the decades following World War II, constitution reforms, increased emigration, economic growth, and royal visits. In 1964, the Maltese gained independence from Great Britain, set up a republic in 1974, and celebrated Freedom Day in 1979 to mark their autonomy from Great Britain.

• 1945 – The National Assembly until 1947. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 1946 – Sir Francis C. R. Douglas of Barloch was appointed Governor of Malta (1946-1949). ^{[ 2 | p.48 ]}
• 1946 – Compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14. - Reference 'Compulsory Education Ordinance 1946 (Ordinance 11 of 1946)'. ^{[ 3 ]}
• 1947 – Malta (Reconstruction) Bill, Volume 145 was debated on 11 February in the House of Lords UK Parliament. ^{[ 4 ]}
• 1947 – Hon. Dr. Paul Boffa elected 6th Prime Minister of Malta (1947-1950) ^{[ 5 | p. 1221 ]}
  
• 1947 – The MacMichael Constitution (5th Sep 1947-1961). ^{[ 5 | p. 236 ]}
• 1947 –  The road to Women’s Suffrage and beyond. ^{[ 6 ] [ 23 ]}
• 1949 – Sir Gerald Creasy was appointed Governor of Malta (1949-1954). ^{[ 2 | p.48 ]}
• 1949 – Perit Dom Mintoff established the 'Malta Labour Party' after a split in the 'Labour Party'. ^{[ 7 ]}
• 1949-1951 – Queen Elizabeth II (Princess Elizabeth) and Prince Philip spent several months in Malta during these two years. She spent it as a naval wife. ^{[ 20 ]}
• 1950s-1960s – The highest period of immigration from Malta. ^{[ 8 ]}
  
• 1950 – Hon. Dr. Enrico Mizzi elected 7th Prime Minister of Malta (Sep. to Dec. 1950). ^{[ 5 | p. 1221 ]}
• 1950 – Hon. Dr. Giorgio Borġ Olivier elected 8th Prime Minister of Malta (1950-1955). ^{[ 5 | p. 1221 ]}
  
• 1952 – The iconic Kinnie was launched and manufactured in Malta by Simonds Farsons Cisk. ^{[ 9 ]}
  
• 1954 – The Queen visited Malta as part of the Commonwealth Tour. ^{[ 20 ]}
• 1954 – Major General Sir Robert Laycock was appointed Governor of Malta (1954-1959). ^{[ 2 | p.48 ]}
• 1955 – Hon. Perit Dom Mintoff elected 9th Prime Minister of Malta (1955-1958). ^{[ 5 | p. 1221 ]}
  
• 1956 – Referendum on integration with Britain fails. ^{[ 10 ]}
• 1958 – The inauguration of the new passenger air terminal at Luqa. ^{[ 11 ]}
  
• 1958 – The Labour Government resigns. ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1958 – The General Workers Union ordered a general strike. ^{[ 13 ]} 
• 1958 – The office of the Prime Minister was abolished until 1962. ^{[ 5 | p. 379 ]}
• 1959 – Admiral Sir Guy Grantham was appointed Governor of Malta (1959-1962). ^{[ 2 | p.48 ]}
• 1959 – Interim Constitution Provides for Executive Council. ^{[ 5 | p.387 ]}
• 1961 – The Blood Constitution was proposed and concluded. ^{[ 19 ]}
  
• 1961 – The Malta Broadcasting Authority was established. ^{[ 15 ]} 
• 1962 – Hon. Dr. Giorgio Borġ Olivier elected 10th Prime Minister of Malta (1962-1966) ^{[ 5 | p. 1221 ]}
• 1962 – Malta hosts the first television broadcast by the Malta Television Service (MTV). ^{[ 16 ]}
• 1962 – Sir Maurice Dorman was appointed Governor of Malta (1962-1964). ^{[ 2 | p.48 ]}
• 1963–1970 – Excavations at Tas-Silġ started, an ancient sanctuary overlooking Marsaxlokk Bay. ^{[ 14 ]}
• 1963 - Excavations at the Tarxien Temples continued. ^{[ 21 ] [ 22 ]}
• 1964 – Malta’s constitution referendum paves the way for Independence. ^{[ 17 ]}
• 1964 – Queen Elizabeth II signed the oath of allegiance of The Malta Independence Order 1964 on 2nd September. ^{[ 18 ]}
• 1964 – The National Anthem of Malta "l-Innu Malti" was confirmed in the new constitution with the opening words " Lil din l-Art ħelwa, l-Omm li tatna isimha". ^{[ 18 ]}

Malta’s Post-War Era Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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Malta's Journey Into The Modern Era: 1964 - Present

After Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964, many significant events shaped the nation’s future. Our timeline will take you through the last six decades, highlighting Malta’s political, social, and economic evolution. You’ll witness its transformation, major reforms, international milestones, and cultural advancements as it moved forward into the modern era.

Key Events: 1964 - 1969

• 1964 – On the 21st of September, Mal&*ta was granted Independence from the United Kingdom. ^{[ 1 ]}
• 1964 – Sir Maurice Dorman appointed 1st Governor-General of Malta (1964-1971). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1964 – Queen Elizabeth II becomes The Queen of Malta (1964-1974). ^{[ 7 ]}
• 1964 – Malta becomes a member of the United Nations. ^{[ 2 ]}
• 1965 – The Maltese Islands joined the Council of Europe. ^{[ 3 ]}
• 1966 – Hon. Dr Giorgio Borġ Olivier elected 11th Prime Minister of Malta (1966-1971). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1966 – The Cantilena, Malta's earliest text, was rediscovered by Fsadni and Wettinger. ^{[ 90 ] [ 91 ]}
• 1967 – Population of 314,216 according to the Census of the Maltese Islands. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 1967 – The Queen Elizabeth II second state visit as a Queen was in Malta. This was the first time Malta welcomed the Queen as an Independent State. ^{[ 79 ]} 
• 1968 – The Central Bank of Malta was established by the Central Bank Act. ^{[ 17 ]}
• 1968 – The University of Malta's new campus opened in Msida. ^{[ 20 ]}
• 1969 – The iconic was Twistees launched and manufactured in Malta by Ray Calleja. ^{[ 21 ]}

Key Events: 1970 - 1973

• 1970 – The Association Agreement was signed as the first formal link with the European Economic Community. ^{[ 19 ]}
• 1971 – Malta's participation for the first time in the Eurovision Song Contest, performed by Joe Grech. ^{[ 6 ]}
• 1971 – Hon. Perit Duminku Mintoff elected 12th Prime Minister of Malta (1971-1976). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1970s – During this decade, Dom Mintoff restricted importation to increase local productivity. ^{[ 22 ]}
• 1971 – Sir Anthony J. Mamo appointed 2nd Governor-General of Malta (1971-1974). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1971 – Capital Punishment for Murder Abolished in Malta. ^{[ 23 ]}
• 1972 – U.S. Naval Forces officially barred from Malta.
• 1972 – Military Base Agreement signed with UK and NATO.
• 1972 – Malta adopts the Maltese Pound as currency. ^{[ 18 ]}
• 1972 – Bishop Nikol Joseph Cauchi was appointed as Bishop of Gozo. ^{[ 25 ]}
• 1973 – The Parliament of Malta passed a law that decriminalizes homosexuality. ^{[ 26 ]}
• 1973 – The year when a wireless broadcast was first aired in Malta.
• 1973 – Air Malta Company Limited was registered as a commercial company. ^{[ 27 ]}
• 1973 – Armed Forces of Malta was formed. ^{[ 77 ]}

Key Events: 1974 - 1979

• 1974 – The first flights of Air Malta started. ^{[ 27 ]}
• 1974 – On the 13th of December Malta officially became a Republic and the constitution was amended. ^{[ 4 ] [ 72 ]}
• 1974 –  Sir Anthony J. Mamo elected 1st President of Malta (1974-1976). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1975 – Introduction of Identity Cards for Maltese Citizens. ^{[ 32 ]}
• 1975 – The Telemalta Corporation Act XVI of 1975 officially passed to create Telemalta. ^{[ 33 ]}
• 1975 – Malta withdraws its recognition of all titles of nobility. ^{[ 36 ]}
• 1975 – Inauguration of Gozo General Hospital, officially named Craig Hospital. ^{[ 78 ]}
• 1975 – An Avro Vulcan B.2 military aircraft crashed on Zabbar streets claiming six lives. ^{[ 37 ]}
• 1975 – Telemalta Corporation was nationalised by the Maltese Government. ^{[ 34 ]}
• 1976 – Hon. Perit Duminku Mintoff elected 13th Prime Minister of Malta (1976-1981). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1976 – Archbishop Joseph Mercieca was appointed as Archbishop of Malta. ^{[ 42 ]}
• 1976 – Dr Anton Buttigieg elected 2nd President of Malta (1976-1981). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1977 – In October 1977, a new and longer runway was launched. ^{[ 28 ]}
• 1977 – The murder of Karin Grech. ^{[ 92 ]}
• 1979 – The British military left Malta on March 31, a day celebrated as Freedom Day. ^{[ 5 ]}
• 1979 – A heavy storm swept the entire islands killing 4 people. ^{[ 43 ]}
• 1979 – Opening of Karin Grech Hospital in Guardamangia. It was inaugurated in November, located within the same complex of St. Luke's Hospital at Guardamangia. It was named after Karin Grech, a young victim of a 1977 letter bombing. ^{[ 85 | p. 2 ]}

Key Events: 1981 - 1989

• 1981 – Gozo Channel introduced a service to Sicily from Malta until 1995. ^{[ 45 ]}
• 1981 – Hon. Perit Duminku Mintoff elected 14th Prime Minister of Malta (1981-1984). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1981 – Dr Albert Hyzler was elected interim President of Malta (1981-1982). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1982 – Ms. Agatha Barbara elected 3rd President of Malta (1982-1987). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1984 – Hon. Dr Carmelo Mifsud Bonnici elected 15th Prime Minister of Malta (1984-1987). ^[12]
• 1985 – Population of 345,418 according to the Census of the Maltese Islands. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 1985 – The hijacking of EgyptAir Flight 648 ended with 62 deaths, resulting in a 24-hour ordeal. ^[38]
• 1987 – Dr Paul Xuereb was elected interim President of Malta (1987-1989). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1987 – Hon. Dr Edward Fenech Adami elected 16th Prime Minister of Malta (1987-1992). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1988 – Malta Freeport was established as a major shipping hub. ^{[ 46 ]}
• 1989 – Dr Vincent 'Ċensu' Tabone became 4th President of Malta (1989-1994). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1989 – Telecell was established as the first mobile network provider in Malta.
• 1989 – A U.S. Soviet Summit held in Malta by President George Bush and the Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev. ^{[ 47 ]}

Key Events: 1990 - 1994

• 1990 – Pope John Paul II visited Malta for the first time as Malta's first official Pope visit. ^{[ 48 ]}
• 1990 – The first mobile phone network was introduced by Telecell.
• 1990 – Malta submits a formal application to join the European Union. ^{[ 51 ]}
• 1990 – Flights between MIA and Xewkija Heliport Gozo started until 2004.
• 1990–1993 – The excavations at the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum were continued. ^{[ 86 ]}
• 1991 – Malta's Broadcasting Act issued licences for radio and television services. ^{[ 59 ]}
• 1991 – Super One Radio was on air.
• 1992 – Hon. Dr Edward Fenech Adami elected 17th Prime Minister of Malta (1992-1996). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1992 – A new Malta International Airport was inaugurated. ^{[ 29 ]}
• 1992 – Queen Elizabeth II makes official visit to Malta. ^{[ 8 ]}
• 1992 – Siege Bell War Memorial inaugurated by Queen Elizabeth II. ^{[ 8 ]}
• 1992 – Melita was established, and offered the first cable television service on the islands. ^{[ 60 ]}
• 1993 – Malta hosted the Games of the Small States of Europe (GSSE) for the first time
• 1993 – The Local Councils Act was established for every locality to have a Local Council. ^{[ 61 ]}
• 1994 – Dr Ugo Mifsud Bonnici elected 5th President of Malta (1994-1999). ^{[ 30 ]}
• 1994 – The Super One Television was established.
• 1994 – Smash Communications was established.

Key Events: 1995 - 1999

• 1995 – Um El Faroud, a Libyan tanker, exploded at Malta Drydocks in Dock 3. ^{[ 39 ]}
• 1995 – Population of 378,132 according to the Census of the Maltese Islands. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 1995 – Malta hosts the CPA (Commonwealth Parliamentary Association) Executive Committee Mid-Year Meetings. ^{[ 62 ]}
• 1995 – The first edition of L-Istrina Malta a fundraising event. ^{[ 76 ]}
• 1996 – Hon. Dr. Alfred Sant elected 18th Prime Minister of Malta (1996-1998). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1996 – New Labour government suspends Malta’s EU application. ^{[ 52 ]}
• 1996–2005 – Excavations at Tas-Silġ Archaeological Sanctuary continued. ^{[ 87 ]}
• 1997 – The start of the Xarabank TV discussion program.
• 1997 – 2G was deployed in Malta by Telecell.
• 1997 – GSM network brought into Malta by Telecell.
• 1997 – Telecell rebranded to Vodafone.
• 1997 – The first issue of the Yellow Pages telephone directory was distributed. ^{[ 35 ]}
• 1997 – Telephone directories started to shift online.
• 1998 – A massive hailstorm swept through the whole island. ^{[ 88 ]}
• 1998 – Net Television was established.
• 1998 – Hon. Dr. Alfred Sant's government ended just short of two years. ^{[ 12 ]}
• 1998 – Hon. Dr Eddie Fenech Adami elected 19th Prime Minister of Malta (1998-2003). ^[12]
• 1998 – The Nationalist government reactivates Malta’s EU application. ^{[ 53 ]}
• 1999 – Prof. Guido de Marco elected 6th President of Malta (1999-2004). ^{[ 31 ]}
• 1999 – Rainbow Productions Limited was evolved to One Productions.

Key Events: 2000 - 2010

• 2000 – The Gozo Channel vessel, called M.V. Ta’ Pinu, was introduced into service. ^{[ 45 ]}
• 2000 – The capital punishment was completely abolished from Malta’s Military Code. ^{[ 24 ]}
• 2001 – The Gozo Channel vessel, the M.V. Gaudos entered into service in February. ^{[ 45 ]}
• 2001 – Pope John Paul II visited Malta for the second time. ^{[ 48 ]}
• 2001 – The Malta College of Arts, Science and Technology was established.
• 2002 – The Gozo Channel vessel, the M.V. Malita, entered into service in March. ^{[ 45 ]}
• 2002 – Ira Losco with the song 7th Wonder placed the closest to winning at 2nd place at the Eurovision Song Contest.
• 2002 – Malta ratified Protocol No. 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, on the abolition of the Death Penalty. ^{[ 54 ]}
• 2003 – Majority votes in favour of EU membership in local referendum. ^{[ 55 ]}
• 2003 – Malta signs EU Accession Treaty on 16th April in Athens. ^{[ 56 ]}
• 2003 – Hon. Dr Edward Fenech Adami elected 20th Prime Minister of Malta (2003-2004). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 2003 – Malta hosted the Xth Games of the Small States of Europe.
• 2003 – A storm that created havoc on the island on the night of 14th September. ^{[ 44 ]}
• 2004 – Dr Edward Fenech Adami elected 7th President of Malta (2004-2009). ^{[ 31 ]}
• 2004 – On 1st May Malta becomes a European Union member state along with 9 other countries. ^{[ 57 ]}
• 2004 – Hon. Dr Lawrence Gonzi elected 21st Prime Minister of Malta (2004-2008). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 2005 – Population of 404,962 according to the Census of the Maltese Islands. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 2005 – Malta hosted a meeting with Commonwealth leaders including Queen Elizabeth II visiting Malta. ^{[ 9 ]}
• 2005 – Bishop Mario Grech was appointed as Bishop of Gozo. ^{[ 25 ]}
• 2006 – 3G was introduced to the Maltese islands.
• 2006 – Archbishop Paul Cremona was appointed as Archbishop of Malta. ^{[ 42 ]}
• 2007 – Maltacom Group was rebranded as GO.
• 2007 – Inauguration of the Mater Dei Hospital in Msida. ^{[ 63 ]}
• 2007 – Malta Joins the Schengen Area for Free Movement. ^{[ 57 ]}
• 2007 - Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip visit Malta on the occasion of their diamond wedding anniversary. ^{[ 80 ]}
• 2008 – The Central Bank of Malta becomes a member of the Eurosystem after Malta adopted the Euro as its currency. ^{[ 58 ]}
• 2008 – Mgarr Gozo ferry terminal inauguration. ^{[ 45 ]}
• 2008 – Hon. Dr Lawrence Gonzi elected 22nd Prime Minister of Malta (2008-2013). ^{[ 12 ]}
• 2009 – Dr George Abela elected 8th President of Malta (2009-2014). ^{[ 31 ]}

Key Events: 2010 - 2019

• 2010 – Pope Benedict XVI visited Malta as Malta's third Pope visit. ^{[ 49 ]}
• 2011 – Malta votes for divorce legalization in a national referendum. ^{[ 65 ] [ 73 ]}
• 2011 – Arriva took over the Malta bus network until 2014. ^{[ 66 ]}
• 2011 – Population of 417,432 according to the Census of the Maltese Islands. ^{[ 15 ]}
• 2012 – Prospero Grech was appointed Cardinal by Pope Benedict XVI. ^{[ 67 ]}
• 2012 - HRH The Duke of Gloucester visits Malta as part of the Diamond Jubilee Programme of Royal visits. ^{[ 81 ]}
• 2013 – Hon. Dr Joseph Muscat elected 23rd Prime Minister of Malta (2013-2017). ^{[ 13 ]}
• 2013 – The Cirkewwa new terminal opened its doors to the public. ^{[ 45 ]}
• 2013 – Gaia Cauchi wins the Junior Eurovision Contest in Kyiv, Ukraine.
• 2013 – 4G network deployed across the Maltese islands.
• 2014 – Malta hosted the 12th edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest.
• 2014 – Ms Marie-Louise Coleiro Preca elected 9th President of Malta (2014-2019). ^{[ 31 ]}
• 2014 – 50th Anniversary of Independence. ^{[ 82 ]}
• 2015 – Autobuses de Leon took over the bus service under the name Malta Public Transport. ^{[ 66 ]}
• 2015 – Archbishop Charles Jude Scicluna was appointed as Archbishop of Malta. ^{[ 42 ]}
• 2015 – The new Parliament building, designed by Renzo Piano was inaugurated. ^{[ 75 ]}
• 2015 – Malta Public Transport launched the Tallinja Card. ^{[ 66 ]}
• 2015 – Official inauguration of Sir Anthony Mamo Oncology Centre, Msida. ^{[ 64 ]}
• 2015 – Queen Elizabeth II visits Malta for CHOGM and this will be her last ever visit to the islands. ^{[ 10 ] [ 11 ]}
• 2015 – Destiny Chukunyere wins the Junior Eurovision Contest in Bulgaria.
• 2016 – A Fairchild Metroliner MkIII crashes after takeoff from Malta International Airport. ^{[ 40 ]}
• 2016 – Malta hosted the 14th edition of the annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest.
• 2016 – Afriqiyah Airways A320 was hijacked and landed in Malta, where all passengers were released. ^{[ 41 ]}
• 2017 – 4.5G network introduced to the Maltese islands.
• 2017 – The collapse of the natural Azure Window in Dwejra, Gozo. ^{[ 69 ]}
• 2017 – Hon. Dr Joseph Muscat elected 24th Prime Minister of Malta (2017-2020). ^{[ 13 ]}
• 2017 - A Maltese journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia's was assassinated. ^{[ 93 ]}
• 2018 – Valletta was the European Capital of Culture for the entire year. ^{[ 70 ]}
• 2018 – The first season of X Factor Malta premiered.
• 2019 – The American University of Malta was officially inaugurated. ^{[ 74 ]}
• 2019 – Dr George Vella elected 10th President of Malta (2019-2024). ^{[ 31 ]}
• 2019 – The end of the physical printed Yellow Pages business directory.

Key Events: 2020 - Present

• 2020 – Hon. Dr Joseph Muscat resigns as Prime Minister. ^{[ 14 ]}
• 2020 – Hon. Dr Robert Abela elected 25th Prime Minister of Malta (2020-2022). ^{[ 13 ]}
• 2020 – Epic (Ex. Vodafone) brand was launched in Malta.
• 2020 – The COVID-19 pandemic strikes Malta during the global health crisis. ^{[ 71 ]}
• 2020 – The end of the Xarabank TV discussion program.
• 2020 – Bishop Anthony Teuma appointed as Bishop of Gozo. ^{[ 25 ]}
• 2020 – The first season of Malta's Got Talent premiered.
• 2020 – Bishop Mario Grech was appointed Cardinal by Pope Francis. ^{[ 68 ]}
• 2021 – 5G is introduced to the Maltese islands.
• 2022 – Hon. Dr Robert Abela elected 26th Prime Minister of Malta (2022-present). ^{[ 13 ]}
• 2022 – Pope Francis visited Malta as Malta's fourth Pope visit. ^{[ 50 ]}
• 2023 – The first season of Love Island Malta premiered.
• 2023 – Malta hosted the Games of the Small States of Europe.
• 2023 – Population of 563,443 according to the National Statistics Office of Malta. ^{[ 16 ]}
• 2024 – The first season of Master Chef Malta premiered.
• 2024 – Last flight of Air Malta and first flight performed by KM Malta Airlines.
• 2024 – Dr Myriam Spiteri Debono elected 11th President of Malta (2024-present). ^{[ 31 ]}
• 2024 – The first season of Family Feud premiered.
• 2024 – The Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh, Prince Edward and his wife Sophie make a Royal visit to Malta. ^{[ 83 ]}
• 2024 – On December 5th and 6th, the 31st Ministerial Council of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) was held in Malta. ^{[ 89 ]}
• 2024 – 50th Anniversary of the Republic of Malta. ^{[ 84 ]}
• 2025 – The first season of Big Brother Malta premiered.

Malta's Journey Into The Modern Era Sources | Click/Tap Here To Open

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The Process of Building the Timeline

This timeline took us several months to complete since we wanted to bring out so much about Malta's history, and to do that we had to go deep in research and include things that are not easily found on the web.

To create the most thorough and accurate information, we had to go through a series of in-depth research stages which combined hands-on research and verification from multiple sources. First we did a rough timeline based on the knowledge that we knew, then started to fill up the in-betweens based on research we did both online and through referenced books.

Our in-depth research began at the Central Public Library, Floriana, where we had access to a variety of books from the pre-history till today. These books gave us valuable insights into Malta's past where we started forming the timeline.

Our research extended to the Reference Library, and thanks to the librarian present, she has helped us with finding a collection of books and records which are not available in the public library. She has also helped us with the research and also of any help that we needed in the process. These sources formed the backbone of our research, which provided valuable insights into Malta's past, including the Knights era and earlier periods.

The internet was also a great source for our research which helped us find reputable sources to verify as well as finding more information to continue forming our timeline. Reputable sites, online thesis, academic journals and digital archives.

Cross-referencing was a major step in ensuring that the information published on this page is as accurate as possible reducing the chances of mistakes. This process was very tedious and time-consuming as we wanted to double check the information found on one source with another. In fact, in some instances you will see that we have included multiple sources for a specific event.

Our goal is to bring you an in-depth timeline of Malta's history as through our research, we have not found a timeline like this in such detail. We hope that it will be informative and helpful to you. We have tried our best to reduce the amount of inaccuracy as possible, however, if you encounter a mistake, please send us a message on our contact form, with verifiable sources so that we could amend.

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